As cities expand, often swallowing up green spaces in favour of towering skyscrapers and sprawling roads, it feels as though the natural environment is becoming a rare and distant factor, resulting in evident and measurable degradation in human life and wellness. However, the design fraternity has been exploring a concept known as ‘biophilic design’ in an attempt to reverse this phenomenon. Biophilia, simply translated as ‘love or affinity for nature’, has been integrated into a design movement that focuses on reconnecting people to nature by incorporating natural elements into our built environments. This approach, known as biophilic design, is proven to not only help improve human well-being but also address environmental challenges like climate change and urban heat islands. Biophilic design engages some or all of the human physiological senses, be it sight, sound, smell, or the tactile, in experiencing elements of the natural environment which are introduced into built environments meant for habitation and work.
A notable example of biophilic design in India can be found at the Infosys Pune campus, a model of green architecture that integrates in every aspect of its design. Spread across 275 acres, the campus incorporates green roofs, water bodies, and lush gardens that foster a sense of mental tranquility as well as physical well-being for the employees. The emphasis on natural light, with expansive glass facades, not only makes the buildings feel more open and connected to the outdoors but also reduces the need for artificial lighting, contributing to energy efficiency. The surroundings create a peaceful oasis, offering spaces for relaxation and reducing the stress often associated with urban work environments. The inclusion of rainwater harvesting and sustainable water management systems lends itself to the creation of biophilic spaces while further underscoring the commitment to environmentally friendly practices.
But biophilic design goes beyond just incorporating greenery into the buildings. It is about crafting spaces where natural elements are seamlessly woven into the very structure and function of the environment. In the case of Infosys Pune, the integration of natural materials like wood and stone creates a warm, inviting atmosphere that fosters a deeper connection with nature. This design philosophy reflects a growing recognition that our relationship with nature is critical, not just to stall a possible climate disaster globally, but for our immediate physical and mental health, too. Empirical studies have consistently demonstrated evidence that exposure to natural elements in our daily lives can reduce stress, enhance creativity, improve overall well-being, and even increase productivity.
One of the key tenets of biophilic design is the use of natural light. By placing windows strategically and introducing open spaces within buildings, it minimises the need for artificial lighting, creating a healthier environment while also reducing energy consumption. Natural light not only makes spaces feel more open and inviting but has been shown to improve mood and productivity, making it an essential element of biophilic design.
Water features are another hallmark of biophilic design. The large ponds and water bodies incorporated within biophilic designs are not only aesthetically pleasing but also serve a functional purpose as part of the stormwater management system. These water bodies help mitigate the effects of heavy rainfall and flooding, making the place more resilient to the impacts of climate change. Additionally, they create an overall sense of calm, which is proven to enhance the well-being of those who work/reside in such spaces. While the presence of water in any space contributes physically by cooling the air around; the sight and sound of water are said to rejuvenate the mind.
Contrary to a popular critique that condemns biophilic design as a mere green washing of built spaces, it has been proven that even a limited increase in proximity to nature can have substantial effects on human wellness. Biophilic design is not limited to individual buildings; it also extends to urban planning. As cities become more densely populated, urban heat islands—areas that are significantly hotter than surrounding rural areas due to human activity—are becoming a growing concern. By incorporating green elements, such as rooftop gardens, permeable pavements, and public parks, urban design can deliver cool cities, reduce air pollution, and improve stormwater management. This shift toward nature-centric urban spaces is essential for enhancing all-round, long-term sustainability, i.e. human, socio-economic as well as environmental.
The writer is principal, VESCOA College of Architecture
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The Statesman – Kolkata – March 2025
